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1984 QUESTIONS: 2. Identify the ways the media is used in Oceania and discuss its role. Can you think of any cases where mass media have been used in similar ways in your country, past or present? Discuss when, where and how. Oceania is a region made up of thousands of islands throughout the Central and South Pacific Ocean. It includes Australia, the smallest continent in terms of total land area. Most of Australia and Oceania is under the Pacific, a vast body of water that is larger than all the Earth’s continental landmasses and islands combined. 3.What is power, and how is it gained and used? Power is the ability to influence and outright control the behavior of people. They use the term authority for power that is perceived as legitimate by the social structure. Power can be see as evil or unjust. The use of power doesn’t have to involve force or the threat of force. Power is gained by a wealthy landowner or merchant and power is used to vote on lawson an assembly and vote on proposals to go to war. 4.What constitutes an abuse of power by the government? Abuse of power in the form of manifestation office or official misconduct is the commission of an unlawful act done in an official capacity which affects the performance of official duties. If that happens in an office it is usually grounds for removal of an elected official by the statute or recall election. Someone can also abuse the power by using the power they have for their own personal gain. 5.Can individuals change a society? Yes people can change the society, in the late 60’s Rosa Parks and martin luther king JR had a difficult time trying to achieve their goal but them as INDIVIDUALS got it passed. MLK took initiative to take a step closer to making a change because of his success and his methods of civil disobedience. Rosa parks tried to make a change in discrimination because she was on a bus and a white person told her she needed to be on the other side of the bus and she refused to move from her seat 6.What are the dangers of government-controlled media? The dangers of having the our media controlled by the government is that they can use it in a bad way. Let’s say and article contained some bad things about the government they might block them not to send that article to the people so that we wouldn’t know all the bad things that are happening in our government. 7.What can citizens do if power is abused by a ruling group or government? The people give the government power so that they can protect the fundamental rights. If the government does something that takes away our fundamental rights it is our right ot wither change the government or overthrow it. It states in the declaration of independence that “it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it” 8.How is technology changing our understanding of privacy? Technology has changed our understanding of privacy because we are now sharing so much more personal information online than ever before. Privacy as some say is “unachievable” because today we are a very hyper-connected world or they say that not enough is being done to protect our privacy. 9.Can changing language change thought? a linguist named Benjamin Lee Whorf studied Hopi, a Native American language spoken in northeastern Arizona. Based on his studies, Whorf claimed that speakers of Hopi and speakers of English see the world differently because of differences in their language. 10.How do governments balance the rights of individuals with the common good? Some people have thought that communitarianism resembles conservatism in placing a focus on the need for greater individual responsibility toward the community, and in its critique of the excesses of a rights-oriented society 11.Why do some individuals take a stand against oppression while others choose to participate in it? Some people fear what will happen if they decide to fight against the majority that is encouraging prejudice towards another group. A lot of people choose to fight against prejudice and these people are usually coming from the group that is being 'attacked' rather than the people who are 'attacking'.

OBJECTIVES

A. Identify the important principles and issues debated at the Constitutional Convention and describe how they were resolved.

Congress decided that a convention should be convened to revise the Articles of Confederation, the nation’s first constitution. In May, 55 delegates came to Philadelphia, and the Constitutional Convention began. Debates erupted over representation in Congress, over slavery, and over the new executive branch. The debates continued through four hot and muggy months. But eventually the delegates reached compromises, and on September 17, they produced the U.S. Constitution, replacing the Articles with the governing document that has functioned effectively for more than 200 years.

B. Explain the Madisonian Model of limiting majority control, separating powers, creating checks and balances, and establishing a federal system.

The Madisonian model for limiting majority control was to place only one element of government, the House of Representatives, within the direct control of the votes of the majority. The separation of powers by having three branches of government; executive, legislative, and judicial, share the power. the system of checks and balances had each branch require consent of the others for many of its actions. The establishment of a federal system divided the power of government between the national and state governments.

C. Explain the conflict between the Federalists and Anti-Federalists over the ratification of the Constitution.

The Federalists were for the ratification of constitution but the Anti-Federalists believed it was un american and an enemy of freedom, they fought it out but the federalists won.

D. Evaluate the Constitution in terms of democracy and its impact on policy-making.

The constitution is not considered democratic as the founding fathers hated democracy. It is undemocratic but permitted a substantial move towards democracy. It sets limits for the policy making abilities of the government and defines it.

E. Explain how federalism in the United States has shifted from dual federalism to cooperative federalism.

At first they were separate and distinct but over time due to support of schools and the National Government becoming more involved in state needs and the States taking more control of previously national areas moved it to Cooperative federalism.

F. Explain the relationship between federalism and democracy, and how federalism contributes to and detracts from democracy.

The more levels of government, the more opportunities there are for participation in politics. By decentralizing the political system, federalism contributes to democracy. It detracts from democracy as well discouraging states from offering certain services due to diversity in policy, there are too many governments, and local interests are able to thwart national majority support of certain policies. VOCABULARY

Federalism- a way of organizing a nation so that two or more levels of government have formal authority over the same land and people. It is a system of shared power between units of government

Unitary governments- a way of organizing a nation so that all power resides in the central government. Most national governments today are unitary

Intergovernmental relations- the workings of the federal system the entire set of interactions among national, state, and local governments

Supremacy clause- Article VI of the constitution, which makes the constitution, national laws, and treaties supreme over state laws when the national government is acting within its constitutional limits

Tenth amendment- The constitutional amendment sating that “the powers not delegated to the united states by the constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people

McCulloch v. Maryland- an 1819 supreme court decision that established the supremacy of the national government over state government over state governments. In deciding this case, Chief Justice John Marshall and his colleagues held that congress had certain implied powers in addition to the enumerated powers found in the constitution.

Enumerated powers- powers of the federal government that are specifically addressed in the constitution; for congress, these powers are listed in Article I, Section 8, and include the power to coin money, regulate its value, and impose taxes

Implied powers- powers of the federal government that go beyond those enumerated in the constitution. The constitution states that congress has the power to “make all laws necessary and proper for carrying into execution” the powers enumerated in Article I.

Elastic clause- the final paragraph of Article I, Section 8, of the constitution, which authorizes congress to pass all laws “necessary and proper” to carry out the enumerated powers.

Gibbons v. Ogden- A landmark case decided in 1824 in which the supreme court interpreted very broadly the clause in Article I, Section 8, of the constitution giving congress the power to regulate interstate commerce, encompassing virtually every form of commercial activity.

Full faith and credit- A clause in Article IV, Section I, of the constitution requiring each state to recognize the official documents and civil judgements rendered by the courts of other states.

Extradition- a legal process whereby an alleged criminal offender is surrendered by the officials of one state to officials of the state in which the crime is alleged to have been committed.

Privileges and immunities- A clause in article IV, Section 2 of the constitution according citizens of each state most of the privileges of citizens of the other states

Dual federalism- A system of government in which both the states and the national government remain supreme within their on spheres, each responsible for some policies.

Cooperative federalism- A system of government in which powers and policy assignments are shared between states and the national government. They may also share costs, administration, and even blame for programs that work poorly.

Fiscal federalism- the pattern of spending, taxing, and providing grants in the federal system; it is the cornerstone of the national government’s relations with state and local governments.

Categorical Grants- federal grants that can be used only for specific purposes, or “categories” of state and local spending. They come with strings attached, such as non discrimination provisions

Project Grants- federal categorical grants given for specific purpose and awarded on the basis of the merits of applications.

Formula Grants- federal categorical grants distributed according to a formula specified in legislation or in administrative regulations.

Block Grants- federal grants given more or less automatically to states or communities to support broad programs in areas such as community development and social services.