Chapter+29

Chapter 29 - Wilsonian Progressivism at Home and Abroad
Chapter 29 Quizlet

> that they could win the presidency for the first time in 16 years. >> conservative but now militant progressive who had been the president of >> Princeton University, governor of New Jersey (where he didn’t >> permit himself to be controlled by the bosses), and had attacked trusts >> and passed liberal measures. >> ballot, after William Jennings Bryan swung his support over to >> Wilson’s side. > Roosevelt’s name on the nomination, and as TR spoke, he ignited > an almost-religious spirit in the crowd. >> said that he felt “as strong as a bull moose,” making that >> animal the unofficial Progressive symbol. > friends now ripped every aspect of each other’s platforms and > personalities. >> Croly’s The Promise of American Life (1910), and it stated that >> the government should control the bad trusts, leaving the good trusts >> alone and free to operate. >>> social welfare, such as minimum-wage laws and “socialistic” >>> social insurance. >> break up all trusts—not just the bad ones—and basically >> shunned social-welfare proposals. > Milwaukee, but he delivered his speech anyway, was rushed to the > hospital, and recovered in two weeks. > Electoral votes, while TR had 88 and Taft only had 8. But, the > Democrats did not receive the majority of the popular vote (only 41%)! > while the combined popular totals of TR and Taft exceeded Wilson. > Essentially, TR’s participation had cost the Republicans the > election. > appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, when he was nominated in > 1921. > sincere and morally appealing politician, and a very intelligent man. > going to tackle the “triple wall of privilege”: the tariff, > the banks, and the trusts. > the Underwood Tariff of 1913, which substantially reduced import fees > and enacted a graduated income tax (under the approval of the recent > 16th Amendment). > War National Banking Act had proven to be glaringly ineffective, as > shown by the Panic of 1907, so Wilson had Congress authorize an > investigation to fix this. >> Congressman Arsene Pujo, which traced the tentacles of the “money >> monster” into the hidden vaults of American banking and business. >> Bankers Use It (1914) furthermore showed the problems of American >> finances at the time. > session of Congress and pleaded for a sweeping reform of the banking > system. >> the new Federal Reserve Board, which oversaw a nationwide system of >> twelve regional reserve districts, each with its own central bank, and >> had the power to issue paper money (“Federal Reserve >> Notes”). > empowered a president-appointed position to investigate the activities > of trusts and stop unfair trade practices such as unlawful competition, > false advertising, mislabeling, adulteration, & bribery. > Act’s list of practices that were objectionable, exempted labor > unions from being called trusts (as they had been called by the Supreme > Court under the Sherman Act), and legalized strikes and peaceful > picketing by labor union members. > victory after victory, Wilson proceeded with further reforms, such as > the Federal Farm Loan Act of 1916, which made credit available to > farmers at low rates of interest, and the Warehouse Act of 1916, which > permitted loans on the security of staple crops—both Populist > ideas. > of America’s sailors, but it sent merchant freight rates soaring > as a result of the cost to maintain sailor health. > of federal civil-service employees during periods of instability but > was invalidated by the Supreme Court. > Court—making him the first Jew ever in that position—but > stopped short of helping out Blacks in their civil rights fight. > the Federal Reserve Board and the Federal Trade Commission, but he used > most of his energies for progressive support. > an aggressive foreign policy, as he stopped “dollar > diplomacy,” persuaded Congress to repeal the Panama Canal Tolls > Act of 1912 (which let American shippers not pay tolls for using the > canal), and even led to American bankers’ pulling out of a > six-nation, Taft-engineered loan to China. > status to the Philippines and promised independence as soon as a stable > government could be established. > Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan to plead with legislators, > and tensions cooled. > Marines, and in 1916, he sent Marines to quell violence in the > Dominican Republic. > railroads, and mines, but the Mexican people were tremendously poor, > and in 1913, they revolted, and installed full-blooded Indian General > Victoriano Huerta to the presidency. > Mexico, but Woodrow Wilson would not intervene to protect American > lives. >> rivals, Venustiano Carranza and Francisco “Pancho” Villa. > Mexico, in 1914, Wilson threatened to use force, and even ordered the > navy to take over Vera Cruz, drawing protest from Huerta and Carranza. >> Chile—mediated the situation, and Huerta fell from power and was >> succeeded by Carranza, who resented Wilson’s acts. > fighter, murdered 16 Americans in January of 1916 in Mexico and then > killed 19 more a month later in New Mexico. >> penetrated deep into Mexico, clashed with Carranza’s and >> Villa’s different forces, but didn’t take Villa. > the throne (Archduke Franz Ferdinand). The domino-effect began where > Austria declared war on Serbia, which was supported by Russia, who > declared war on Austria-Hungary and Germany, which declared war on > Russia and France, then invaded neutral Belgium, and pulled Britain > into the war and igniting World War I. > proclamation and was promptly wooed by both the Allies and the German > and Austro-Hungarian powers. > America for support, but the U.S. was mostly anti-German from the > outset, as Kaiser Wilhem II made for a perfect autocrat to hate. > Central Powers’ image when they resorted to violence in American > factories and ports, and when one such agent left his briefcase in a > New York elevator, the contents of which were found to contain plans > for sabotage. > trade was fiercely protested by the Central Powers, that were > technically free to trade with the U.S., but were prohibited from doing > so by the British navy which controlled the sea lanes. The Allies and > Wall Street’s financing of the war by J.P. Morgan et al, pulled > the U.S. out of the recession. > British Isles, warning the U.S. that it would try not to attack neutral > ships, but that mistakes would probably occur. >> a British passenger liner that was carrying arms and munitions as well. > kept the U.S. out of it by use of a series of strong notes to the > German warlords. >> Americans and numerous other passengers, Germany finally agreed not to >> sink unarmed ships without warning. > issued the “Sussex pledge,” which agreed not to sink > passenger ships or merchant vessels without warning, so long as the > U.S. could get the British to stop their blockade. > pledges and said different things depending on where he was, leading to > his being nicknamed “Charles Evasive Hughes.” > the slogan “He kept us out of war,” and warned that > electing Hughes would be leading America into World War I. >> American neutrality was rapidly sinking, and war was appearing to be >> inevitable. > final result dependent on results from California, and even though > Wilson didn’t specifically promise to keep America out of war, > enough people felt that he did to vote for him.
 * I. The “Bull Moose” Campaign of 1912**
 * 1) With the Republican party split wide open, the Democrats sensed
 * One possible candidate was Dr. Woodrow Wilson, a once-mild
 * In 1912, in Baltimore, the Democrats nominated Wilson on the 46th
 * The Democratic ticket would run under a platform called “New Freedom,” which would include many progressive reforms.
 * 1) At the Progressive convention, Jane Addams put Theodore
 * TR got the Progressive nomination, and entering the campaign, TR
 * 1) Republican William Taft and TR tore into each other, as the former
 * 1) Meanwhile, TR’s “New Nationalism” and Wilson’s “New Freedom” became the key issues.
 * Roosevelt’s New Nationalism was inspired by Herbert
 * TR also campaigned for female suffrage and a broad program of
 * Wilson’s New Freedom favored small enterprise, desired to
 * 1) The campaign was stopped when Roosevelt was shot in the chest in
 * II. Woodrow Wilson: A Minority President Wilson's 1st Inauguration**
 * Wilson Early Video**
 * With the Republicans split, Woodrow Wilson easily won with 435
 * Socialist Eugene V. Debs racked up over 900,000 popular votes,
 * William Taft would later become the only U.S. president to be
 * III. Wilson: The Idealist in Politics**
 * Woodrow Wilson was a sympathizer with the South, a fine orator, a
 * 1) He was also cold personality-wise, austere, intolerant of stupidity, and very idealistic.
 * When convinced he was right, Wilson would break before he would bend, unlike TR.
 * IV. Wilson Tackles the Tariff**
 * Wilson stepped into the presidency already knowing that he was
 * To tackle the tariff, Wilson successfully helped in the passing of
 * V. Wilson Battles the Bankers**
 * The nation’s financial structure, as created under the Civil
 * 1) The investigation, headed by Senator Aldrich, in effect recommended a third Bank of the United States.
 * 2) Democrats heeded the findings of a House committee chaired by
 * 1) Louis D Brandeis’s Other People’s Money and How the
 * In June 1913, Woodrow Wilson appeared before a special joint
 * 1) The result was the epochal 1913 Federal Reserve Act, which created
 * VI. The President Tames the Trusts**
 * In 1914, Congress passed the Federal Trade Commission Act, which
 * The 1914 Clayton Anti-Trust Act lengthened the Sherman Anti-Trust
 * VII. Wilsonian Progressivism at High Tide**
 * After tackling the triple wall of privilege and leading progressive
 * The La Follette Seamen’s Act of 1915 required good treatment
 * The Workingmen’s Compensation Act of 1916 granted assistance
 * The 1916 Adamson Act established an eight-hour workday with overtime pay.
 * Wilson even nominated Louis Brandeis to the Supreme
 * Wilson appeased the business by appointing a few conservatives to
 * VIII. New Directions in Foreign Policy**
 * Wilson, unlike his two previous predecessors, didn’t pursue
 * Wilson signed the Jones Act in 1916, which granted full territorial
 * 1) The Filipinos finally got their independence on July 4, 1946.
 * When California banned Japanese ownership of land, Wilson sent
 * When disorder broke out in Haiti in 1915, Wilson sent American
 * In 1917, Wilson bought the Virgin Islands from Denmark.
 * IX. Moralistic Diplomacy in Mexico**
 * Mexico had been exploited for decades by U.S. investors in oil,
 * 1) This led to a massive immigration of Mexicans to America, mostly to the Southwest.
 * The rebels were very violent and threatened Americans living in
 * 1) Neither would he recognize Huerta’s regime, even though other countries did.
 * 2) On the other hand, he let American munitions flow to Huerta’s
 * After a small party of American sailors were arrested in Tampico,
 * 1) Finally, the ABC powers—Argentina, Brazil, and
 * Meanwhile, “Pancho” Villa, combination bandit/freedom
 * 1) Wilson sent General John J. Pershing to capture Villa, and he
 * X. Thunder Across the Sea**
 * In 1914, a Serbian nationalist killed the Austro-Hungarian heir to
 * Americans were thankful that the Atlantic Ocean separated the warring Europeans from the U.S.
 * XI. A Precarious Neutrality**
 * Wilson, whose wife had recently died, issued a neutrality
 * The Germans and Austro-Hungarians counted on their relatives in
 * German and Austro-Hungarian agents in America further tarnished the
 * XII. America Earns Blood Money**
 * Just as WWI began, America was in a business recession. American
 * So, Germany announced its use of submarine warfare around the
 * 1) Wilson thus warned that Germany would be held to “strict accountability” for any attacks on American ships.
 * 2) German subs, or U-boats, sank many ships, including the Lusitania,
 * The attack killed 1,198 lives, including 128 Americans.
 * Notably the Germans had issued fliers prior to the Lusitania setting sail that warned Americans the ship might be torpedoed.
 * America clamored for war in punishment for the outrage, but Wilson
 * 1) Even this was too much for William Jennings Bryan, who resigned rather than go to war.
 * 2) After the Germans sank the Arabic in August 1915, killing two
 * After Germany seemed to break that pledge by sinking the Sussex, it
 * 1) Wilson couldn’t do this, so his victory was a precarious one.
 * XIII. Wilson Wins Reelection in 1916**
 * In 1916, Republicans chose Charles Evans Hughes, who made different
 * The Democratic ticket, with Wilson at its head again, went under
 * 1) Ironically, Wilson would lead America into war in 1917.
 * 2) Actually, even Wilson knew of the dangers of such a slogan, as
 * Wilson barely beat Hughes, with a vote of 277 to 254, with the

1. Explain Wilson's rise in politics. 2. Who were the three candidates in 1912? 3. How did Roosevelt's and Wilson's versions of progressivism differ? 4. Why did Wilson win the election of 1912? 5. How did Wilson fight the tariff? 6. What was the Sixteenth Amendment? 7. How did Wilson deal with the banking issues? 8. What two laws did Wilson get through Congress to regulate the trusts? What did they do? 9. How did the Clayton Anti-Trust Act help labor? 10. What was "Moral Diplomacy?" Examples? 11. Why did the US get involved in Mexico in the 1910s? 12. What was the resolution to the Mexican-American disputes of the 1910s? Why did the US later invade Mexico? 13. What was America's stance as World War I began? 14. How did the US become financially involved in the affairs of WWI? 15. What was the German reaction to the Americans financial connection to the Allies? 16. What happened to the Lusitania ? 17. What was the Arabic Pledge? Sussex Pledge? 18. Who were the candidates and what were the results of the election of 1916?
 * CHAPTER QUESTIONS**