Chapter+30

Questions for Guided Reading
THE WAR TO END WAR, 1917-1918 1. What was the Zimmerman note? 2. What finally pushed the United States into World War I? 3. What idealistic ideas did Wilson push in an attempt to unify America as it headed to war? 4. What were the Fourteen Points? 5. What was the Committee on Public Information? 6. How did WWI impact civil liberties? 7. What problems did the nation face as it headed into war? 8. What changes in labor patterns took place during WWI? 9. What was the Food Administration? Its leader? 10. How did the US pay for WWI? 11. How did the US raise troops to fight in WWI? 12. How did American fighters impact the war? 13. How did Wilson weaken his power before going to Europe for peace talks in 1918? 14. What was Wilson's major goal during the peace talks? 15. How did Wilson's Fourteen Points fall apart at Versailles? 16. Why did many Americans dislike the Treaty of Versailles? 17. As the Treaty began to falter, what action did Wilson take? 18. Why did Lodge and the Republicans oppose the Treaty of Versailles? 19. Why did the Versailles Treaty ultimately fail? 20. What was the importance of the election of 1920?

=Chapter Outline= > avert war, delivering a moving address that correctly declared only a > “peace without victory” (beating Germany without > embarrassing them) would be lasting. >> break the @httpSussex pledge and return to unrestricted submarine warfare, >> which meant that its U-boats would now be firing on armed and unarmed >> ships in the war zone. >> proposed an alliance between Germany and Mexico. It proposed that if >> Mexico fought against the U.S. and the Central Powers won, Mexico could >> recover Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona from the U.S. > numerous ships. Meanwhile, in Russia, a revolution toppled the tsarist > regime. > which it did four days later; Wilson had lost his gamble at staying out > of the war. > had prided itself in isolationism for decades, and now, Wilson was > entangling America in a distant war. > America entering the war to “make the world safe for > democracy.” >> zeal came the loss of Wilson’s earlier motto, “peace >> without victory.” > created to “sell” the war to those people who were against > it or to just gain support for it. >> speeches in favor of the war, showered millions of pamphlets containing >> the most potent “Wilsonisms” upon the world, splashed >> posters and billboards that had emotional appeals, and showed >> anti-German movies like The Kaiser and The Beast of Berlin. > oversold some of the ideals, and result would be disastrous > disillusionment. > nevertheless, many Germans were blamed for espionage activities, and a > few were tarred, feathered, and beaten. > American fears and paranoia about Germans and others perceived as a > threat. >> Workers of the World (IWW) were often prosecuted, including Socialist >> Eugene V. Debs and IWW leader @https://images.search.yahoo.com/images/view;_ylt=AwrB8pyj2q1Ut34AOxuJzbkF;_ylu=X3oDMTIyajA3Z20yBHNlYwNzcgRzbGsDaW1nBG9pZAMxMjZkMzdjZmIyNDM1Y2Y5ZGI2YzExMmQyYTA1ODNlYQRncG9zAzIEaXQDWilliam D. Haywood, who were arrested, >> convicted, and sent to prison. >> Warren G. Harding), but a few people still sat in jail into the 1930s. > Council of National Defense to study problems with mobilization and had > launched a shipbuilding program. > produce, and traditional laissez-faire economics (where the government > stays out of the economy) still provided resistance to government > control of the economy. >> Industries Board, but this group never had much power and was disbanded >> soon after the armistice. > efforts. > Labor (AF of L), which represented skilled laborers, loyally supported > the war, and by war’s end, its membership more than doubled to > over 3 million. > to eclipse wage gains, and over 6,000 strikes broke out during the war, > the greatest occurring in 1919, when 250,000 steelworkers walked off > the job. >> African-Americans to break the strike, and in the end, the strike >> collapsed, hurting the labor cause for more than a decade. >> But the appearance of Blacks in formerly all-White towns sparked >> violence, such as in Chicago and St. Louis. > women suffragists were also pacifists and therefore against the war. > Most women supported the war and concluded they must help in the war if > they want to help shape the peace (get the vote). > female workers, most women gave up their jobs at war’s end, and > Congress even affirmed its support of women in their traditional roles > in the home with the Sheppard-Towner Maternity Act of 1921, which > federally financed instruction in maternal and infant health care. > had organized a hugely successful voluntary food drive for the people > of Belgium. >> Tuesdays” and “Wheatless Wednesdays,” suing posters, >> billboards, and other media to whip up a patriotic spirit which >> encouraged people to voluntarily sacrifice some of their own goods for >> the war. > grew gardens on street corners to help the farmers, people observed > “heatless Mondays,” “lightless nights,” and > “gasless Sundays” in accordance with the Fuel > Administration, and the farmers increased food production by one-fourth. > culminating with the 18th Amendment, which prohibited the sale, > distribution, or consumption of alcohol. > they running out of money to pay for their loans from America, but also > that they were running out of men, and that America would have to raise > and train an army to send over to Europe, or the Allies would collapse. > ominous predictions of bloodshed by the opposition of the draft. >> assigned to non-combat duty; also, training was so rushed that many >> troops didn’t know how to even use their rifles, much less >> bayonets, but they were sent to Europe anyway. > nation from the war, freeing up thousands of German troops to fight on > the Western Front. > accurate, as America took one year before it sent a force to Europe and > also had transportation problems. > U.S. troops helped in an Allied invasion of Russia at Archangel to > prevent munitions from falling into German hands. >> whose purpose was to prevent munitions from falling into the hands of >> Japan, rescue some 45,000 trapped Czechoslovak troops, and prevent >> Bolshevik forces from snatching military supplies. > the first time, led the Allies and just before the Germans were about > to invade Paris and knock out France, American reinforcements arrived > and pushed the Germans back. > some more, marking a German withdrawal that was never again effectively > reversed. > the British and French, finally got General John J. Pershing to lead a > front. >> Germans and captured 132 more; ironically, he had been in an antiwar >> sect beforehand. > they were being deserted, the British blockade was starving them, and > the Allied blows just kept coming. > laid down their arms in armistice after overthrowing their Kaiser in > hopes that they could get a peace based on the Fourteen Points. > but when he appealed for voters to give a Democratic victory in 1918, > American voters instead gave Republicans a narrow majority, and Wilson > went to Paris as the only leader of the Allies not commanding a > majority at home. > proceedings, Republicans were outraged, thinking that this was all just > for flamboyant show. >> @https://images.search.yahoo.com/images/view;_ylt=AwrB8pME5K1U5VsAwdmJzbkF;_ylu=X3oDMTIydWoyam5pBHNlYwNzcgRzbGsDaW1nBG9pZANmZDE2Y2UzODk0MDZjZTEwMzhiMjFkYjHenry Cabot Lodge, a very intelligent man who used to be the >> “scholar in politics” until Wilson came along and was >> therefore jealous and spiteful of Wilson, the Republicans got even more >> angry. > Vittorio Orlando, France, led by Georges Clemenceau, Britain, led by > David Lloyd George, and the U.S., led by Wilson—basically > dictated the terms of the treaty. > wanted to punish Germany, Italy wanted money, the U.S. wanted to heal > wounds through Wilson’s League of Nations >>> placed blame on Germany, a proud and embarrassed people, and (2) it >>> charged Germany for the costs of war, $33 billion. > would not pass the treaty, since to them, it would be unwise to turn > American decision over to a group of foreign nations (the League of > Nations). Opponents of the Versailles Treaty reasoned that America > should stay out of such an international group and decide her decisions > on her own. >> of California, these senators were bitterly opposed to the League. >> nations had stronger @https://images.search.yahoo.com/images/view;_ylt=AwrB8o7d5K1U8ToAFPuJzbkF;_ylu=X3oDMTIycDRydmk4BHNlYwNzcgRzbGsDaW1nBG9pZAMxOTbargaining chips, as France demanded the Rhineland >> and Saar Valley (but didn’t receive it; instead, the League of >> Nations got the Saar Basin for 15 years and then let it vote to >> determine its fate) and Italy demanded Fiume, a valuable seaport >> inhabited by both Italians and Yugoslavs. > people while France received a promise that the U.S. and Great Britain > would aid France in case of another German invasion. > islands in the Pacific, and Wilson opposed, but when the Japanese > threatened to walk out, Wilson compromised again and let Japan keep > Germany’s economic holdings in Shantung, outraging the Chinese. > that if it didn’t sign the treaty, war would resume, and when the > Germans saw all that Wilson had compromised to get his League of > Nations, they cried betrayal, because the treaty did not contain much > of the Fourteen Points like the Germans had hoped it would. > inadequate, and his popularity was down, but he did make a difference > in that his going to Paris prevented the treaty from being purely > imperialistic. > Hun-haters felt that the treaty wasn’t harsh enough while the > Irish denounced the League > hope to defeat the treaty, so he delayed, reading the entire 264-page > treaty aloud in the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, held hearings > for people discontent with the treaty to voice their feelings, and > basically stalled, bogging the treaty down. > trailing him like bloodhounds were Senators Borah and Johnson, two of > the “irreconcilables,” who verbally attacked him. > was much warmer, and the high point came at Pueblo, Colorado, where he > pleaded that the League was the only hope for peace in the future. > Treaty of Versailles, which sought to safeguard American sovereignty. >> bound the U.S. to aid any member of the League of Nations that was >> victimized by aggression, for Congress wanted to preserve its >> war-declaring power. > Democratic reservations and changes, he would not do so from Lodge, and > thus, he ordered his Democratic supporters to vote against the treaty > with the Lodge reservations attached. > treaty, but unless the Senate approved the pact with the Lodge > reservations tacked on, it would fail completely. >> again, due in part to Wilson telling Democrats to vote against the >> treaty…again. >> disillusionment all contributed to the failure of the treaty, but >> Wilson must share the blame as well, since he stubbornly went for >> “all or nothing,” and received nothing. > Teddy Roosevelt’s death in 1919, and it devised a clever platform > that would appeal to pro-League and anti-League factions of the party, > and they chose Warren G. Harding as their candidate in the > “smoke-filled room,” with Calvin Coolidge as the vice > presidential candidate. > and they also supported a League of Nations, but not necessarily the > League of Nations. > led to World War II, because France, without an ally, built up a large > military force, and Germany, suspicious and fearful, began to illegally > do the same. > Adolf Hitler to seize power in Germany, build up popularity, and drag > Europe into war. > powerful nation in the world after World War I, but it retreated into > isolationism, and let the rest of the world do whatever it wanted in > the hopes that the U.S. would not be dragged into another war, but > ironically, it was such actions that eventually led the U.S. into WWII.
 * I. War by Act of Germany**
 * 1) On January 22, 1917, Woodrow Wilson made one final, attempt to
 * Germany responded by shocking the world, announcing that it would
 * 1) Wilson asked Congress for the authority to arm merchant ships, but a band of Midwestern senators tried to block this measure.
 * 2) Then, the Zimmerman note was intercepted and published on March 1, 1917.
 * Written by German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman, it secretly
 * 1) The Germans also began to make good on their threats, sinking
 * 1) On April 2, 1917, President Wilson asked Congress to declare war,
 * II. Wilsonian Idealism Enthroned**
 * 1) Many people still didn’t want to enter into war, for America
 * Six senators and 50 representatives, including the first Congresswoman, Jeanette Ranking, voted against war.
 * 1) To gain enthusiasm for the war, Wilson came up with the idea of
 * This idealistic motto worked brilliantly, but with the new American
 * III. Wilson’s Fourteen Potent Points**
 * 1) On January 8, 1917, Wilson delivered his Fourteen Points Address to Congress.
 * 2) The Fourteen Points were a set of idealistic goals for peace. The main points were…
 * No more secret treaties.
 * Freedom of the seas was to be maintained.
 * A removal of economic barriers among nations.
 * Reduction of armament burdens.
 * Adjustment of colonial claims in the interests of natives and colonizers.
 * “Self-determination,” or independence for oppressed minority groups who’d choose their government
 * A League of Nations, an international organization that would keep the peace and settle world disputes.
 * IV. Creel Manipulates Minds**
 * 1) The Committee on Public Information, headed by George Creel, was
 * The Creel organization sent out an army of 75,000 men to deliver
 * 1) There were also patriotic songs, but Creel did err in that he
 * V. Enforcing Loyalty and Stiffing Dissent**
 * 1) Germans in America were surprisingly loyal to the U.S., but
 * 1) The Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Act of 1918 showed
 * Antiwar Socialists and the members of the radical union Industrial
 * Fortunately, after the war, there were presidential pardons (from
 * VI. The Nation’s Factories Go to War**
 * 1) America was very unprepared for war, though Wilson had created the
 * America’s army was only the 15th largest in the world.
 * 1) In trying to mobilize for war, no one knew how much America could
 * In March 1918, Wilson named Bernard Baruch to head the War
 * VII. Workers in Wartime**
 * 1) Congress imposed a rule that made any unemployed man available to enter the war and also discouraged strikes.
 * 2) The National War Labor Board, headed by former president @https://images.search.yahoo.com/images/view;_ylt=AwrB8pwm261Ua3wAh22JzbkF;_ylu=X3oDMTIzc2ZlbzFuBHNlYwNzcgRzbGsDaW1William H.Taft, settled any possible labor difficulties that might hamper the war
 * 1) Fortunately, @https://images.search.yahoo.com/images/view;_ylt=AwrB8pmh261Uzy4AWAKJzbkF;_ylu=X3oDMTIyNXB0bjUwBHNlSamuel Gompers’ of the American Federation of
 * 1) Yet, there were still labor problems, as price inflation threatened
 * In that strike, the steel owners brought in 30,000
 * During the war, Blacks immigrated to the North to find more jobs.
 * VIII. Suffering Until Suffrage**
 * 1) Women also found more opportunities in the workplace, since the men were gone to war.
 * 2) The war the split women’s suffrage movement. Many progressive
 * Their help gained support for women’s suffrage, which was finally achieved with the 19th Amendment, passed in 1920.
 * 1) Although a Women’s Bureau did appear after the war to protect
 * IX. Forging a War Economy**
 * 1) Mobilization relied more on passion and emotion than laws.
 * 2) @https://images.search.yahoo.com/images/view;_ylt=AwrB8qCM3K1Uo1YAUxmJzHerbert Hoover was chosen to head the Food Administration, since he
 * He spurned ration cards in favor of voluntary “Meatless
 * After all, America had to feed itself and its European allies.
 * 1) Hoover’s voluntary approach worked beautifully, as citizens
 * 1) The wave of self-sacrifice also sped up the drive against alcohol,
 * 1) Money was raised through the sale of war bonds, four great Liberty Loan drives, and increased taxes.
 * 2) Still, the government sometimes flexed its power, such as when it took over the railroads in 1917.
 * X. Making Plowboys into Doughboys**
 * 1) European Allies finally confessed to the U.S. that not only were
 * 1) This could only be solved with a draft, which Wilson opposed but finally supported as a disagreeable but temporary necessity.
 * The draft bill ran into heated opposition in Congress but was grudgingly passed.
 * Unlike earlier wars, there was no way for one to buy one’s way out of being drafted.
 * 1) Luckily, patriotic men and women lined up on draft day, disproving
 * Within a few months, the army had grown to 4 million men and women.
 * African-Americans were allowed in the army, but they were usually
 * XI. Fighting in France—Belatedly**
 * 1) After the Bolsheviks seized control of Russia, they withdrew the
 * 1) German predictions of American tardiness proved to be rather
 * 1) Nevertheless, American doughboys slowly poured into Europe, and
 * 10,000 troops were sent to Siberia as part of an Allied expedition
 * Bolsheviks resented this interference, which it felt was America’s way of suppressing its infant communist revolution.
 * XII. America Helps Hammer the “Hun”**
 * 1) In the spring of 1918, one commander, the French Marshal Foch, for
 * 1) In the Second Battle of the Marne, the Allies pushed Germany back
 * 1) The Americans, demanding their own army instead of just supporting
 * 1) The Meuse-Argonne offensive cut German railroad lines and took 120,000 casualties.
 * Sgt. Alvin C. York became a hero when he single-handedly killed 20
 * 1) Finally, the Germans were exhausted and ready to surrender, for
 * It was a good thing, too, because American victories were using up resources too fast.
 * Also, pamphlets containing seductive Wilsonian promises rained down on Germany, in part persuading them to give up.
 * XIII. The Fourteen Points Disarm Germany**
 * 1) At 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month of 1918, the Germans
 * This “Armistice Day” later became “Veterans’ Day.”
 * 1) It was the prospect of endless American troops, rather than the American military performance, that had demoralized the Germans.
 * XIV. Wilson Steps Down from Olympus**
 * 1) At the end of the war, Wilson was at the height of his popularity,
 * 1) When Wilson decided to go to Europe personally to oversee peace
 * When he didn’t include a single Republican, not even Senator
 * XV. An Idealist Battles the Imperialists in Paris**
 * 1) At the Paris Conference in 1919, the Big Four—Italy, led by
 * 1) Conflicting ambitions ruled the conference. Britain and France
 * Wilson’s baby was the League and so he bargained with Britain and France.
 * Britain and France agreed to go along with the League, Wilson reluctantly agreed to go along with punishment.
 * The War Guilt Clause was passed doing two things, (1) it formally
 * XVI. Hammering Out the Treaty**
 * 1) However, at home in America, the Republicans proclaimed that they
 * Led by Henry Cabot Lodge, William Borah of Idaho and Hiram Johnson
 * Upon seeing Wilson’s lack of support, the other European
 * 1) The Italians went home after Wilson tried to appeal to the Italian
 * 1) Japan also wanted the valuable Shantung peninsula and the German
 * XVII. The Peace Treaty That Bred a New War**
 * 1) The Treaty of Versailles was forced upon Germany under the threat
 * 1) Wilson was not happy with the treaty, sensing that it was
 * XVIII. The Domestic Parade of Prejudice**
 * 1) Returning to America, Wilson was met with fierce opposition, as
 * 1) The “hyphenated” Americans all felt that the treaty had not been fair to their home country.
 * XIX. Wilson’s Tour and Collapse (1919)**
 * 1) When Wilson returned to America, at the time, Senator Lodge had no
 * 1) Wilson decided to take a tour to gain support for the treaty, but
 * 1) However, in the Rocky Mountain and Pacific Coast regions, reception
 * That night, he collapsed form physical and nervous exhaustion, and several days later, a stroke paralyzed half of his body.
 * XX. Defeat Through Deadlock**
 * 1) Lodge now came up with fourteen “reservations” to the
 * Congress was especially concerned with Article X, which morally
 * 1) Wilson hated Lodge, and though he was willing to accept similar
 * On November 19, 1919, the Treaty of Versailles was defeated by a vote of 55 to 39.
 * 1) About four-fifths of the senators actually didn’t mind the
 * Brought up for a vote again, on March 19, 1920, the treaty failed
 * Wilson’s feud with Lodge, U.S. isolationism, tradition, and
 * XXI. The “Solemn Referendum” of 1920**
 * 1) Wilson had proposed to take the treaty to the people with a national referendum, but that would have been impossible.
 * 2) In 1920, the Republican Party was back together, thanks in part to
 * 1) The Democrats chose James M. Cox and Franklin D. Roosevelt as VP,
 * 1) @https://images.search.yahoo.com/images/view;_ylt=AwrB8py2561U0B0Ap6eJzbkF;_ylu=X3oWarren G. Harding was swept into power
 * XXII. The Betrayal of Great Expectations**
 * 1) U.S. isolationism doomed the Treaty of Versailles and indirectly
 * 1) The suffering of Germany and the disorder of the time was used by
 * 1) It was the U.S.’s responsibility to take charge as the most

Crash Course America and WW1

America in WW1